Establishment in Canada refers to the applicant’s significant social, economic, and cultural integration within Canadian society, demonstrated through long-term residence, stable employment, language ability, community involvement, and contributions to Canadian life.

This principle requires decision-makers to consider the physical, emotional, and developmental well-being of any child directly affected by the decision, with attention to age, level of dependency, and hardship caused by separation.

This refers to undue hardship caused by the applicant’s removal from close family members residing in Canada, including spouses, common-law partners, parents, or children, especially where no viable reunification alternatives exist.

Health conditions that cannot be adequately treated in the applicant’s country of origin may support an H&C case, especially when removal could lead to life-threatening consequences or severe deterioration in medical condition.

This involves situations where the applicant faces risk of significant hardship, mistreatment, or indirect persecution upon return to their home country, even if they do not meet the Convention refugee definition.

Applicants who have experienced domestic abuse in Canada or in their country of origin may be eligible for H&C relief if removal would place them at further risk or undermine personal safety.

Where removal may expose the applicant to treatment contrary to international human rights standards, such as arbitrary detention, torture, or denial of basic freedoms, this may warrant H&C consideration under Canadian obligations.

This applies when the applicant lacks access to basic needs, essential services, or family support in their country of origin, leading to undue hardship that would be inconsistent with Canada’s humanitarian values.